Causes include primary hyperaldosteronism, barter, gitelman and licorice ingestion. Treat by infusion of normal saline Chloride-Resistant: urinary chloride > 20 and volume is expanded. The reason why chloride is low is due to mineralocorticoid secretion that tries to maintain volume by reabsorbing NaCl. For metabolic alkalosis, urine chloride has to be checked to determine if it is chloride sensitive or chloride resistant: Chloride Sensitive Metabolic alkalosis: urinary chloride is less than 20 and there is volume depletion, it is mostly associated with volume depletion and contraction like diuretics and vomiting. Tacrolimus has same spectrum of side effects as cyclosporine except gum hypertrophy and hirsutism.
#Hypercalcemia causes usmle mynotes skin#
Nephrology Side effects of cyclosporine include: hirsutism, gum hypertrophy, diabetes mellitus, renal vasoconstriction with sodium retention and hypertension, nephrotoxicity with hyperkalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, malignancy (squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and lymphoproliferative disease), and GI upset. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Ĭontents Nephrology.
Readers should be aware that the websites listed in this book may change.Ĭopyright © 2018 By Dr Jamal All rights reserved. References are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute endorsement of any websites or other sources.
The publisher and author are not liable for any negative consequences to any person reading or following the information in this book. My notes are color coded: Single color per line like yellow and green(except red): Normal Info which is easy to remember Red: Hard info, mainly not found in conventional books Yellow & green: 2 contrasting info for two different contrasting ideas which students have difficulty differentiating Different colors: info from same categoryĭisclaimer The information provided in this book is designed to provide helpful information on the subjects discussed. I hold no responsibility for your score achievements. I also provide notes Step1 and “The Ultimate Match Guide”, check All the information in this file are written genuinely by me and are not copied, but are taken from many references. If you have very short time to study, uWorld is enough. Qbanks recommended uWorld, Kaplan and NBME.
You will notice that once you start solving questions, you will save time reading explanations and thus you can use it to solve other question banks or revising the questions that you have already done. A lot of the question ideas have been summarized in an easy way and significantly enhances your recall. To best use this guide, read it before you start solving the Qbanks. All topics have been included but some topics have been more emphasized than other. Dr Jamal’s USMLE Notes for Step2 CK This file contains notes for USMLE step 2CK.
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